Biology Syllabus Form 1-4-New

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Introduction to Biology

Definition and Branches of Biology: Understanding the scope and importance of biology.
Characteristics of Living Things: Differentiating between living and non-living things based on characteristics such as movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
Classification of Living Things: Basics of taxonomy, including the five kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and binomial nomenclature.
Cell Structure and Organization: Study of cell theory, types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), and the structure and functions of cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, etc.).
Nutrition: Modes of nutrition (autotrophic and heterotrophic), photosynthesis, and human digestive system.
Transport in Living Things: Transport systems in plants (xylem and phloem) and animals (circulatory system in humans).

Maintenance of Health

Hygiene and Sanitation: Importance of personal hygiene, community sanitation, and control of diseases.
Diseases and Immunity: Types of diseases (infectious and non-infectious), causes, prevention, and control. Introduction to the immune system and vaccination.
Nutrition in Animals and Plants: Detailed study of human nutrition, balanced diet, malnutrition, and deficiency diseases. Plant nutrition including mineral nutrition and soil fertility.

Coordination in Living Organisms

Nervous System: Structure and functions of the human nervous system, reflex action, and sense organs.
Endocrine System: Introduction to hormones and endocrine glands, their functions, and effects on the body.
Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction, human reproductive system, and reproductive health.

Growth and Development

Cell Division: Mitosis and meiosis, their significance in growth and reproduction.
Growth in Plants and Animals: Factors affecting growth, measurement of growth, and stages of development in plants and animals.

Genetics and Evolution

Basic Genetics: Mendelian genetics, laws of inheritance, and genetic disorders.
Evolution: Theories of evolution, natural selection, and evidence supporting evolution.

Ecology and Environmental Biology

Ecosystems: Structure and function of ecosystems, food chains, food webs, and energy flow.
Population Ecology: Population growth, factors affecting population size, and human population dynamics.
Conservation of Environment: Importance of biodiversity, conservation methods, and sustainable use of resources.

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