Biology Syllabus Form 1-4

Form One Biology

Introduction to Biology

• Definition and Branches of Biology: Understanding the scope and importance of biology.
• Characteristics of Living Things: Differentiating between living and non-living things based on characteristics such as movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
• Classification of Living Things: Basics of taxonomy, including the five kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) and binomial nomenclature.
• Cell Structure and Organization: Study of cell theory, types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), and the structure and functions of cell organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, etc.).
• Nutrition: Modes of nutrition (autotrophic and heterotrophic), photosynthesis, and human digestive system.
• Transport in Living Things: Transport systems in plants (xylem and phloem) and animals (circulatory system in humans).

Form Two Biology

Maintenance of Health

• Hygiene and Sanitation: Importance of personal hygiene, community sanitation, and control of diseases.
• Diseases and Immunity: Types of diseases (infectious and non-infectious), causes, prevention, and control. Introduction to the immune system and vaccination.
• Nutrition in Animals and Plants: Detailed study of human nutrition, balanced diet, malnutrition, and deficiency diseases. Plant nutrition including mineral nutrition and soil fertility.

Coordination in Living Organisms

• Nervous System: Structure and functions of the human nervous system, reflex action, and sense organs.
• Endocrine System: Introduction to hormones and endocrine glands, their functions, and effects on the body.
• Reproduction: Asexual and sexual reproduction, human reproductive system, and reproductive health.

Form Three Biology

Growth and Development

• Cell Division: Mitosis and meiosis, their significance in growth and reproduction.
• Growth in Plants and Animals: Factors affecting growth, measurement of growth, and stages of development in plants and animals.

Genetics and Evolution

• Basic Genetics: Mendelian genetics, laws of inheritance, and genetic disorders.
• Evolution: Theories of evolution, natural selection, and evidence supporting evolution.

Ecology and Environmental Biology

• Ecosystems: Structure and function of ecosystems, food chains, food webs, and energy flow.
• Population Ecology: Population growth, factors affecting population size, and human population dynamics.
• Conservation of Environment: Importance of biodiversity, conservation methods, and sustainable use of resources.

Form Four Biology

Biotechnology

• Introduction to Biotechnology: Definition, scope, and applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
• Genetic Engineering: Techniques of genetic engineering, cloning, and ethical issues related to biotechnology.

Advanced Human Physiology

• Respiratory System: Structure and function, mechanism of breathing, and gaseous exchange.
• Excretory System: Structure and function of the kidney, formation of urine, and osmoregulation.
• Homeostasis: Concept of homeostasis, regulation of body temperature, and blood sugar levels.

Advanced Ecology

• Human Impact on the Environment: Pollution, deforestation, climate change, and measures to mitigate environmental degradation.
• Conservation Biology: Strategies for conserving biodiversity and endangered species.

Applied Biology

• Agriculture: Importance of agriculture, crop production, animal husbandry, and pest management.
• Health and Disease: Advanced study of diseases, their causes, prevention, treatment, and the role of public health.

Teaching Approach and Evaluation

Teaching Methods:

1. Practical Work: Emphasis on laboratory work and field studies to enhance understanding through observation and experimentation.
2. Interactive Learning: Group discussions, debates, and presentations to encourage active participation.
3. Use of Technology: Incorporation of multimedia resources and virtual labs to supplement traditional teaching methods.

Evaluation:

1. Continuous Assessment: Regular quizzes, assignments, and practical assessments to monitor progress.
2. Examinations: Formative and summative exams to evaluate understanding and retention of concepts.
3. Project Work: Individual or group projects to develop research skills and application of knowledge.

This comprehensive coverage ensures that students gain a thorough understanding of biology, preparing them for further studies and careers in biological sciences.