Notes

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry that studies the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds, which contain carbon in covalent bonding.

Introduction to Carbon and its Compounds – All living things contain carbon compounds.– These include carbohydrates, proteins, fats among others. Petrol, oil and wood are carbon compounds.– Carbon is incorporated in plants from carbon(IV) oxide during photosynthesis.– Carbon is one…

1. Ionic Chemical Bonding – Consider a specific case of ionic bonding between real elements, such as sodium and chlorine.– A sodium atom contains 11 protons and has an electronic arrangement of 2.8.1.– The arrangement differs from the nearest noble gas electronic…

Introduction to Chemical Families The physical and chemical properties of elements and their compounds are highly dependent upon the number of electrons that are found in their outermost energy level. When elements are arranged in the periodic table in order…

The are there are about 119 known elementsThe following illustration shows the names and symbols of first 20 elements of the periodic table. Atoms are very small particles of an element, but they contain even smaller particles called sub-atomic particles…

Introduction to Reactions of Water and Metals Some metals react with water while others do not.The reaction of metals with water depends on the reactivity series.The higher the metal in the reactivity series the more reactive the metal with water…

Introduction to Hydrogen (Water and Hydrogen) – Hydrogen does not occur free in nature.– It occurs as water and in petroleum. An experiment is conducted as follows;– Put Zinc granules in a round/flat/conical flask– Add dilute sulphuric acid or Hydrochloric…

Introduction to Water (Water and Hydrogen) Last Updated: 3rd February, 2021 Pure water is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, neutral liquid.Pure water does not exist in nature but naturally in varying degree of purity.The main sources of water include rain, springs,…

Introduction to Chemical Properties of Oxygen – Oxygen is a very reactive non metal.– Many elements react with oxygen through burning to form a group of compounds called oxides.– Burning/combustion is the reaction of Oxygen with an element/substances.– Reaction in which a substance…

The atmosphere is made up of air, a mixture of colourless, odorless gases which is felt as wind.There are various gases in the atmosphere a listed below with their percentage composition; There are different experiments that could be used to…